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{{US state |Name = North Dakota |
Fullname = State of North Dakota |
Flag = Flag of North Dakota.svg |
Flaglink = [Flag of North Dakota |
Seal = NorthDakotastateseal.jpg |
Map = Map of USA ND.svg |
Nickname = Peace Garden State, Roughrider State, Flickertail State |
Motto = [Liberty and union, now and forever, one and inseparable; Strength from the soil |
Capital = [Bismarck, North Dakota |
OfficialLang = [English language |
LargestCity = [Fargo, North Dakota |
Governor = [John Hoeven (R)|
Senators = [Kent Conrad (D)[Byron Dorgan (D) |
PostalAbbreviation = ND |
AreaRank = 19th |
TotalAreaUS = 70,762 |
TotalArea = 183,272 |
LandAreaUS = 69,050 |
LandArea = 178,839 |
WaterAreaUS = 1,711 |
WaterArea = 4,432 |
PCWater = 2.4 |
PopRank = 48th |
2000Pop = 642,200 |
DensityRank = 47th |
2000DensityUS = 9.30 |
2000Density = 3.592 |
AdmittanceOrder = 39th |
AdmittanceDate =
November 2, [ |
TimeZone = [Central Standard Time Zone: [UTC-6/[Daylight saving time |
TZ1Where = most of state |
TimeZone2 = [Mountain Standard Time Zone: [UTC-7/[Daylight saving time |
TZ2Where = southwest |
Latitude = 45° 56′ N to [49th parallel north |
Longitude = 96° 33′ W to 104° 03′ W |
WidthUS = 210 |
Width = 340 |
LengthUS = 340 |
Length = 545 |
HighestPoint =
White Butte{{cite web [ | url =http://erg.usgs.gov/isb/pubs/booklets/elvadist/elvadist.html#Highest| title =Elevations and Distances in the United States| publisher =U.S Geological Survey| accessmonthday = November 7 | accessyear = 2006--> |
HighestElevUS = 3,506 |
HighestElev = 1,069 |
MeanElevUS = 1,903 |
MeanElev = 580 |
LowestPoint = [Red River of the North |
LowestElevUS =750 |
LowestElev =229 |
ISOCode = US-ND |
Website = www.nd.gov
-->
North Dakota (
IPA: /IPA chart for English/) is a
U.S. state located in the Midwestern United States and
Western United States regions of the
United States of America. The 19th largest state by area in the U.S., it is the 48th most populous, with just over 640,000 residents as of 2006. North Dakota was carved out of the northern half of the
Dakota Territory and admitted to the Union as the 39th state on
November 2, 1889.
The
Missouri River flows through the western part of the state and forms Lake Sakakawea behind the
Garrison Dam. The western half of the state is hilly and contains
lignite coal and
petroleum. In the east, the
Red River of the North forms the Red River Valley, holding fertile farmland. Agriculture has long dominated the economy and culture of North Dakota.
The state capital is
Bismarck, North Dakota and the largest city in the state is Fargo, North Dakota. The primary public universities are located in
Grand Forks, North Dakota and Fargo. The United States Air Force operates bases at both
Minot, North Dakota and Grand Forks.
Geography
North Dakota is considered to be in the U.S. regions known as the
Upper Midwest and the
Great Plains. The state shares the Red River of the North with Minnesota on the east;
South Dakota is to the south,
Montana is to the west, and the Canada
provinces of Saskatchewan and
Manitoba are north. With , North Dakota is the 19th largest state.
The western half of the state consists of the hilly
Great Plains, and the northern part of the
Badlands to the west of the
Missouri River. The state's high point,
White Butte at , and
Theodore Roosevelt National Park are located in the Badlands. The region is abundant in
fossil fuels including petroleum and lignite coal. The
Missouri River forms Lake Sakakawea, the third largest man-made lake in the
United States, behind the Garrison Dam.
The central region of the state is divided into the
Drift Prairie and the Missouri Plateau. This area is covered in lakes, slough (wetland), and rolling hills. The Turtle Mountains are located along the Manitoba border. The geographic center of the North American continent is located near the city of Rugby, North Dakota.
The eastern part of the state consists of the flat
Red River Valley, the bottom of glacial
Lake Agassiz. Its fertile soil, drained by the meandering Red River of the North flowing northward into Lake Winnipeg, supports a large
agriculture industry.
Devil's Lake (North Dakota), the largest natural lake in the state, is also found in the east.
Climate
North Dakota endures temperature extremes characteristic of its
continental climate; with cold winters and hot summers, the record high and low span . Meteorological events include rain,
snow, hail, blizzards, polar fronts,
tornadoes, thunderstorms, and high-velocity Downburst. Depending on location, average annual precipitation ranges from 14 in (35.6 cm) to 22 in (55.9 cm).
Springtime flooding is a relatively common event in the
Red River Valley, due to the river flowing north into
Canada. The spring melt and the eventual runoff typically begins earlier in the southern part of the valley than in the northern part. The most destructive flooding in eastern North Dakota 1997 Red River Flood, which caused extensive damage to Grand Forks, North Dakota.
History
Prior to European contact,
Native Americans in the United States inhabited North Dakota for thousands of years. The first European to reach the area was the
French-Canadian trader
La Vérendrye, who led an exploration party to Mandan villages in 1738. The trading arrangement between tribes was such that North Dakota tribes rarely dealt directly with Europeans. However, the native tribes were in sufficient contact that by the time that Lewis and Clark Expedition entered North Dakota in
1804, they were aware of the French and then Spanish claims to their territory.
Much of present-day North Dakota was included in the
Louisiana Purchase of 1803. Much of acquired land was organized into
Minnesota Territory and
Nebraska Territory Territories.
Dakota Territory, making up present-day North and
South Dakota, along with parts of present-day Wyoming and Montana, was organized territory on March 2,
1861. Dakota Territory was settled sparsely until the late 1800s, when the railroads entered the region and aggressively marketed the land. A
bill (proposed law) for U.S. state for North Dakota,
South Dakota, Montana, and
Washington titled the Enabling Act of 1889 was passed on
February 22,
1889 during the administration of Grover Cleveland. After Cleveland left office, it was left to his successor,
Benjamin Harrison, to sign proclamations formally admitting North and South Dakota to the Union on
November 2,
1889. The rivalry between the two new states presented a dilemma of which was to be admitted first. Harrison directed
United States Secretary of State James G. Blaine to shuffle the papers and obscure from him which he was signing first and the actual order went unrecorded. However, since
North Dakota alphabetically appears before
South Dakota, its proclamation was published first in the Statutes At Large. Since that day, it has become common to list the Dakotas alphabetically and thus North Dakota is usually listed as the 39th state. However, no one will actually know which of the Dakotas was admitted first.
The corruption in the early territorial and state governments led to a wave of populism led by the Non Partisan League brought social reforms in the early
20th century. The original
North Dakota State Capitol burned to the ground on
December 28, 1930, and was replaced by a
limestone faced
art deco skyscraper that still stands today.
A round of federal construction projects began in the
1950s including the Garrison Dam, and the Minot Air Force Base and Grand Forks Air Force Base
United States Air Force bases. There was a boom in oil exploration in western North Dakota in the 1980s, as rising
petroleum prices made development profitable.
Demographics
Population
From fewer than 3,000 people in 1870, North Dakota's population grew to near 680,000 by 1930. Growth then slowed, and the population has fluctuated slightly over the next seven decades, hitting a low of 619,636 in the 1950 census, with a total of 642,200 in the 2000 census. As of
July 1, 2006, the state's population was estimated at 635,867 by the U.S. Census Bureau. The and age and gender distributions approximate the national average. Besides Native Americans, North Dakota's minority groups still form a significantly smaller proportion of the population than in the nation as a whole. The
center of population of North Dakota is located in Wells County, North Dakota, near Sykeston, North Dakota.{{USCensusPop|1870 = 2405|1880 = 36909|1890 = 190983|1900 = 319146|1910 = 577056|1920 = 646872|1930 = 680845|1940 = 641935|1950 = 619636|1960 = 632446|1970 = 617761|1980 = 652717|1990 = 638800|2000 = 642200|Source = -->
Emigration
Since the 1990s, North Dakota has experienced virtually constant decline in population, particularly among younger people with university degrees. One of the major causes of outmigration in North Dakota looms from a lack of skilled jobs for graduates. Some propose the expansion of economic development programs to create skilled and high-tech jobs; however, the effectiveness of such programs has been open to debate.
As the issue is common to several
High Plains (United States) states, federal politcians including Senator Byron Dorgan, have proposed The New Homestead Act of 2007 to encourage living in areas losing population through incentives such as tax breaks.
Race and ancestry
Most North Dakotans are of Northern European descent. The five largest ancestry groups in North Dakota are:
German American (43.9%),
Norwegian American (30.1%), Irish American (7.7%), Native Americans in the United States (5%),
Swedish American (5%).
2.47% of the population aged 5 and over speak German language at home, while 1.37% speak Spanish language, according to the
2000 U.S. Census.
The state's racial composition in 2005 was:
Religion
North Dakota has the lowest percentage of non-religious people of any state, and it also has the most churches
per capita of any state.
A 2001 survey indicated that 35% of North Dakota's population was Lutheranism, and 30% was Roman Catholicism in the United States. Other religious groups represented were Methodists (7%), Baptists (6%), the
Assembly of God (3%), and
Jehovah's Witness (1%). Christians with unstated or other denominational affiliations, including other Mainline Protestant, totaled 3%, bringing the total Christian population to 86%. Non-Christian religions, such as
Judaism, Islam,
Buddhism, and
Hinduism, together represented 4% of the population. Three percent of respondents answered "no religion" on the survey, and 6% refused to answer.
Culture
Fine and performing arts
North Dakota's major
fine art museums and venues include the
Chester Fritz Auditorium, Empire Arts Center, the Fargo Theatre,
North Dakota Museum of Art, and the
Plains Art Museum. The
Bismarck-Mandan Symphony Orchestra, Fargo-Moorhead Symphony Orchestra,
Greater Grand Forks Symphony Orchestra and
Minot Symphony Orchestra are full-time professional
musical ensembles that perform concerts and offer educational programs to the community.
Entertainment
North Dakotan musicians of many genres include blues guitarist Jonny Lang,
country music singer Lynn Anderson, jazz and
traditional pop singer and songwriter Peggy Lee,
big band leader Lawrence Welk, and
pop singer Bobby Vee.
Ed Schultz is known around the country as the host of progressive talk radio radio show
The Ed Schultz Show, and
Shadoe Stevens hosted
American Top 40 from 1988 to 1995. Josh Duhamel is an Emmy Awards-winning actor known for his roles in
All My Children and
Las Vegas (TV series).
Nicole Linkletter and
CariDee English were winning contestants of
America's Next Top Model, Cycle 5 and America's Next Top Model, Cycle 7, respectively, of
America's Next Top Model.
Popular culture
North Dakota cuisine includes Knoephla soup: a thick, stew-like chicken soup with dumplings,
lutefisk: lye-treated fish, Kuchen: a pie-like pastry,
lefse: a flat bread made from mashed potatoes that is eaten with butter and sugar, Fleischkuekle, a deep fried entree of ground beef covered in dough, deep fried, and served with chips and a pickle in most restaurants; strudel: a dough-and-filling item that can either be made as a pastry, or a savory dish with onions or meat; and other traditional German and Norwegian dishes. North Dakota also shares concepts such as
hot dishes along with other Midwestern states.
Along with having the most churches per capita of any state, North Dakota has the highest percentage of church-going population of any state.
Native Americans in the United States traditions are practiced by the Native American population of North Dakota, especially on Indian reservations. Pow-wows and traditional Native American dancing are found across the state.
Outdoor activities such as
hunting and fishing are hobbies for many North Dakotans. Ice fishing and snowmobiling are also popular during the winter months. Residents of North Dakota may own or visit a cabin (housing) along a lake. Popular sport fish include
walleye, perch, and northern pike.
Economy
|thumb|leftAgriculture is the largest industry in North Dakota, although petroleum and
food processing are also major industries. The economy of North Dakota had a gross domestic product of $24 billion in 2005. The per capita income in 2006 was $33,034, ranked 29th in the nation.{{cite web | title = Regional Economic Accounts | publisher = U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis
| url = http://www.bea.gov/bea/regional/bearfacts/stateaction.cfm?fips=27000&yearin=2006
| accessdate = 2007-10-04 --> The three-year [median household income from 2002-2004 was $39,594, ranking 37 in the U.S..{{cite web bank, the [Bank of North Dakota in [Bismarck, North Dakota, and a state owned [flour mill, the [North Dakota Mill and Elevator in [Grand Forks, North Dakota.
Industry and commerce
s in
Traill County, North DakotaNorth Dakota's earliest industries were fur trading and agriculture. Although less than 10% of the population is employed in the agricultural sector, it remains a major part of the state's economy, ranking 24th in the nation in the value of products sold. The state is the U.S.'s largest producer of barley, sunflower seeds, wheat, and
durum for processing, and farm-raised
turkeys.
State owned facilities
The
North Dakota Mill and Elevator and Bank of North Dakota are the only public ownership facilities of their type in the nation.
Energy
Coal mines generate 93% of the North Dakota electricity. Oil was discovered near Tioga, North Dakota in
1951, generating 53 million barrels of oil a year by
1984. Western North Dakota is currently in an oil boom, and the oil reserves may hold up to 400 billion barrels of oil, 25 times larger than the reserves in the
Arctic National Wildlife Refuge.
State taxes
North Dakota has a slightly progressive tax structure; the five brackets of state
income tax rates are 2.1%, 3.92% 4.34%, 5.04%, and 5.54% as of 2004. North Dakota is ranked as the 21st highest in the nation for per capita total state taxes. The sales tax in North Dakota is 5% for most items. The state allows municipalities to institute local sales taxes and special local taxes, such as the 1.75% supplemental sales tax in Grand Forks. Excise are levied on the purchase price or market value of aircraft registered in North Dakota. The state imposes a
use tax on items purchased elsewhere but used within North Dakota. Owners of real property in Minnesota pay
property tax to their county, municipality, school district, and special taxing districts.
Transportation
Transportation in North Dakota is overseen by the
North Dakota Department of Transportation. The major
Interstate Highway System are Interstate 29 and
Interstate 94, with I-29 and I-94 meeting at Fargo, North Dakota, and I-29 going north-south along the eastern edge of the state. The largest rail systems in the state are operated by
BNSF and the Canadian Pacific Railway. Many branch lines formerly used by BNSF and Canadian Pacific Railway are now operated by the Dakota, Missouri Valley and Western Railroad and the Red River Valley and Western Railroad.
North Dakota's principal airports are the Hector International Airport (FAR) in Fargo, Grand Forks International Airport (GFK), and the Minot International Airport (MOT).
Amtrak Empire Builder runs through North Dakota, making stops at Fargo (Amtrak station),
Grand Forks (Amtrak station), Minot (Amtrak station), and four other stations. It is the descendant of the famous line of the same name run by the
Great Northern Railway (U.S.), which was built by the tycoon
James J. Hill and ran from St. Paul, Minnesota to Seattle, Washington. Intercity bus service is provided by Greyhound Bus Lines and Jefferson Lines. Public transit in North Dakota is currently limited to
bus systems in the larger cities.
Law and government
As with the federal government of the United States, power in North Dakota is divided into three branches: executive, legislative, and judicial.
Executive
, 10th
Governor of North DakotaThe executive branch is headed by the
Governor of North Dakota. The current governor is
John Hoeven, a
North Dakota Republican Party whose first term began
December 15,
2000, and who was re-elected in 2004. The current Lieutenant Governor of North Dakota of North Dakota is
Jack Dalrymple, who is also the President of the Senate. The offices of governor and lieutenant governor have four-year terms. The governor has a cabinet consisting of the leaders of various state government agencies, called commissioners. The other elected constitutional offices are
North Dakota Secretary of State,
North Dakota Attorney General, and North Dakota State Auditor.
Legislative
The North Dakota Legislative Assembly is a bicameral body consisting of the
North Dakota Senate and the North Dakota House of Representatives. The state has 47 districts. Each district has one senator and two representatives. Senators serve for four years and representatives for two years.
Judicial
North Dakota's court system has four levels levels. Municipal courts serve the cities, and most cases start in the district courts, which are courts of general jurisdiction. There are 42 district court judges in seven judicial districts. Appeals from the trial courts and challenges to certain governmental decisions are heard by the North Dakota Court of Appeals, consisting of three-judge panels. The five-justice North Dakota Supreme Court hears all appeals from the district courts and the Court of Appeals.
Regional
There are three Sioux, one
Three Affiliated Tribes, and one Ojibwa Indian reservation in North Dakota. These communities are self-governing.
Federal
North Dakota's two United States senators are Democrats
Kent Conrad and Byron Dorgan. The state has one
at-large North Dakota's At-large congressional district represented by Democrat
United States House of Representatives Earl Pomeroy.
Federal court cases are heard in the
United States District Court for the District of North Dakota, which holds court in Bismarck, North Dakota, Fargo, North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota, and Minot, North Dakota. Appeals are heard by the United States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit based in
St. Louis, Missouri.
Politics
The major political parties in North Dakota are the
North Dakota Democratic-NPL Party and the North Dakota Republican Party. North Dakota does have some
List of political parties in North Dakota, but aside from Presidential nominations, none have fielded state office candidates for some time.
At the state level, the Governor of North Dakota has been held by the Republican Party since 1992, along with a majority of the state legislature and statewide officers. Dem-NPL showings were strong in the 2000 governor's race, and in the 2006 legislative elections, but the League has not had a major breakthrough since the administration of former state governor George Sinner.
The Republican Party presidential candidate usually carries the state; in 2004, George W. Bush won with 62.9% of the vote. Of all the Democratic presidential candidates since 1892, only
Grover Cleveland, Woodrow Wilson,
Franklin Delano Roosevelt, and
Lyndon Baines Johnson received Electoral College votes from North Dakota.
On the other hand, Dem-NPL candidates for North Dakota's federal Senate and Congressional seats have won every election since 1982, and the state's federal delegation has been entirely Democratic since 1986.
Cities and towns
in 2007
Bismarck, North Dakota, located in south-central North Dakota along the banks of the
Missouri River, has been North Dakota's List of capitals in the United States since 1883, first as capital of the
Dakota Territory, and then as state capital since 1889.
North Dakota's most populous city is Fargo, North Dakota. The state has three cities with populations above thirty thousand (based on 2005 estimates). In descending order they are
Fargo, North Dakota, Bismarck, North Dakota,
Grand Forks, North Dakota, and Minot, North Dakota. While North Dakota's population has seen a gradual decline, the urban centers have seen growth.
Education
North Dakota's leaders frequently state that the educational scene in the state is excellent. However, because of limited economic options, many skilled graduates leave the state.
Higher education
The state has 11 public colleges and universities, five tribal community colleges, and four private schools. The largest institutions are the University of North Dakota and
North Dakota State University.
The higher education system consists of the following institutions:
North Dakota University System (Public schools):
*
Bismarck State College in Bismarck, North Dakota
*
Dickinson State University in
Dickinson, North Dakota
*
Lake Region State College in
Devils Lake, North Dakota
*Mayville State University in Mayville, North Dakota
*Minot State University in Minot, North Dakota
*
Minot State University-Bottineau in
Bottineau, North Dakota
*North Dakota State University in
Fargo, North Dakota
*North Dakota State College of Science in Wahpeton, North Dakota
*
University of North Dakota in Grand Forks, North Dakota
*
Valley City State University in
Valley City, North Dakota
*Williston State College in Williston, North Dakota
Tribal colleges:
*Cankdeska Cikana Community College in Fort Totten, North Dakota
*
Fort Berthold Community College in
New Town, North Dakota
*Sitting Bull College in
Fort Yates, North Dakota
*
Turtle Mountain Community College in
Belcourt, North Dakota
*United Tribes Technical College in Bismarck, North Dakota
Private schools:
*Aakers College in
Fargo, North Dakota and Bismarck, North Dakota
*
Jamestown College in Jamestown, North Dakota
*University of Mary in
Bismarck, North Dakota
*
Trinity Bible College in
Ellendale, North Dakota
State symbols
List of U.S. state birds: Western Meadowlark,
Sturnella neglecta
State fish:
Northern pike,
Esox lucius
State horse:
Nokota horse
State flower:
Wild Prairie Rose,
Rosa arkansana
State tree: American Elm,
Ulmus americana
State fossil: Teredo
Petrified wood
State grass:
Western Wheatgrass,
Pascopyrum smithii (Rydb.) A. Löve
State nicknames: Roughrider State, Flickertail State, Peace Garden State
State mottos:
:(
Great Seal of North Dakota) Liberty and Union, Now and Forever, One and Inseparable
:(
Coat of Arms of North Dakota) Strength from the Soil
State song:
North Dakota Hymn
State dance: Square Dance
State fruit:
Chokecherry
State march:
Flickertail March
State beverage:
Milk
State art museum: North Dakota Museum of Art
State license plate: see the different types over time
"The Flickertail State" is one of North Dakota's nicknames and is derived from
Richardson's Ground Squirrel (
Spermophilus richardsonii), a very common animal in the region. The ground squirrel constantly flicks its tail in a distinctive manner. In 1953, legislation to make the ground squirrel the state emblem was voted down in the state legislature.S. D. Senate Bill No. 134.
Media
North Dakota's
media markets are
Fargo, North Dakota-
Grand Forks, North Dakota, (119th largest nationally), making up the eastern half of the state, and
Minot, North Dakota-
Bismarck, North Dakota (158th), making up the western half of the state.
Prairie Public Television (PPTV) is a statewide public television network affiliated with Public Broadcasting Service.
Terrestrial television in North Dakota started on April 3,
1953, when KCJB-TV (now
KXMB-TV) in Minot began broadcasting. There are currently List of television stations in Minnesota (by channel number) broadcast stations and 18
Digital television channels broadcast over North Dakota.
The state's largest newspaper is
The Forum of Fargo-Moorhead. Other weekly and monthly publications (most of which are fully supported by advertising) are also available. The most prominent of these is the
alternative weekly High Plains Reader, which covers Fargo and Grand Forks.
Prairie Public is a statewide radio network affiliated with
National Public Radio. The state's oldest radio station,
WDAY (AM), was launched on
May 23,
1922. The
Forum Communications owned station is still on the air, and currently broadcasts a talk radio format.
Attractions
Major events
Museums
Arenas
Golf courses
- Apple Creek Country Club - Bismarck
- Apple Grove Golf Course - Minot
- Bois de Sioux Golf Course - Wahpeton
- Bully Pulpit Golf Course - Medora
- Devils Lake Country Club - Devils Lake
- Hawktree Golf Club - Bismarck
- King's Walk Golf Course - Grand Forks
- Links of North Dakota at Red Mike Resort - Williston
- Riverwood Golf Course - Bismarck
- Tom O'Leary Golf Course - Bismarck
Casinos
Various attractions
Notable North Dakotans
See also
References
External links
- State of North Dakota official website
- North Dakota tourism website
- USGS real-time, geographic, and other scientific resources of North Dakota
- U.S. Census Bureau facts of North Dakota
- North Dakota State Facts - United States Department of Agriculture
- Pictures of the Dakotas: Badlands and Theodore Roosevelt National Parks
- GhostsOfNorthDakota.com - a pictorial documentary of North Dakota "ghost towns"
{{US state |Name = North Dakota |
Fullname = State of North Dakota |
Flag = Flag of North Dakota.svg |
Flaglink = [Flag of North Dakota |
Seal = NorthDakotastateseal.jpg |
Map = Map of USA ND.svg |
Nickname = Peace Garden State, Roughrider State, Flickertail State |
Motto = [Liberty and union, now and forever, one and inseparable; Strength from the soil |
Capital = [Bismarck, North Dakota |
OfficialLang = [English language |
LargestCity = [Fargo, North Dakota |
Governor = [John Hoeven (R)|
Senators = [Kent Conrad (D)[Byron Dorgan (D) |
PostalAbbreviation = ND |
AreaRank = 19th |
TotalAreaUS = 70,762 |
TotalArea = 183,272 |
LandAreaUS = 69,050 |
LandArea = 178,839 |
WaterAreaUS = 1,711 |
WaterArea = 4,432 |
PCWater = 2.4 |
PopRank = 48th |
2000Pop = 642,200 |
DensityRank = 47th |
2000DensityUS = 9.30 |
2000Density = 3.592 |
AdmittanceOrder = 39th |
AdmittanceDate =
November 2, [ |
TimeZone = [Central Standard Time Zone: [UTC-6/[Daylight saving time |
TZ1Where = most of state |
TimeZone2 = [Mountain Standard Time Zone: [UTC-7/[Daylight saving time |
TZ2Where = southwest |
Latitude = 45° 56′ N to [49th parallel north |
Longitude = 96° 33′ W to 104° 03′ W |
WidthUS = 210 |
Width = 340 |
LengthUS = 340 |
Length = 545 |
HighestPoint =
White Butte{{cite web [ | url =http://erg.usgs.gov/isb/pubs/booklets/elvadist/elvadist.html#Highest| title =Elevations and Distances in the United States| publisher =U.S Geological Survey| accessmonthday = November 7 | accessyear = 2006--> |
HighestElevUS = 3,506 |
HighestElev = 1,069 |
MeanElevUS = 1,903 |
MeanElev = 580 |
LowestPoint = [Red River of the North |
LowestElevUS =750 |
LowestElev =229 |
ISOCode = US-ND |
Website = www.nd.gov
-->
North Dakota (IPA: /
IPA chart for English/) is a
U.S. state located in the
Midwestern United States and
Western United States regions of the United States of America. The 19th largest state by area in the U.S., it is the 48th most populous, with just over 640,000 residents as of 2006. North Dakota was carved out of the northern half of the Dakota Territory and admitted to the Union as the 39th state on
November 2, 1889.
The
Missouri River flows through the western part of the state and forms
Lake Sakakawea behind the
Garrison Dam. The western half of the state is hilly and contains lignite coal and petroleum. In the east, the
Red River of the North forms the
Red River Valley, holding fertile farmland. Agriculture has long dominated the economy and culture of North Dakota.
The state capital is Bismarck, North Dakota and the largest city in the state is
Fargo, North Dakota. The primary public universities are located in
Grand Forks, North Dakota and Fargo. The
United States Air Force operates bases at both
Minot, North Dakota and Grand Forks.
Geography
North Dakota is considered to be in the U.S. regions known as the
Upper Midwest and the Great Plains. The state shares the
Red River of the North with Minnesota on the east; South Dakota is to the south, Montana is to the west, and the Canada provinces of Saskatchewan and
Manitoba are north. With , North Dakota is the 19th largest state.
The western half of the state consists of the hilly Great Plains, and the northern part of the
Badlands to the west of the Missouri River. The state's high point,
White Butte at , and
Theodore Roosevelt National Park are located in the Badlands. The region is abundant in
fossil fuels including petroleum and lignite coal. The
Missouri River forms
Lake Sakakawea, the third largest man-made lake in the United States, behind the
Garrison Dam.
The central region of the state is divided into the
Drift Prairie and the Missouri Plateau. This area is covered in
lakes,
slough (wetland), and rolling hills. The
Turtle Mountains are located along the Manitoba border. The geographic center of the
North American continent is located near the city of Rugby, North Dakota.
The eastern part of the state consists of the flat Red River Valley, the bottom of glacial Lake Agassiz. Its fertile soil, drained by the meandering
Red River of the North flowing northward into
Lake Winnipeg, supports a large agriculture industry. Devil's Lake (North Dakota), the largest natural lake in the state, is also found in the east.
Climate
North Dakota endures temperature extremes characteristic of its continental climate; with cold winters and hot summers, the record high and low span . Meteorological events include rain,
snow, hail, blizzards,
polar fronts, tornadoes,
thunderstorms, and high-velocity
Downburst. Depending on location, average annual precipitation ranges from 14 in (35.6 cm) to 22 in (55.9 cm).
Springtime flooding is a relatively common event in the
Red River Valley, due to the river flowing north into Canada. The spring melt and the eventual runoff typically begins earlier in the southern part of the valley than in the northern part. The most destructive flooding in eastern North Dakota
1997 Red River Flood, which caused extensive damage to Grand Forks, North Dakota.
History
Prior to European contact,
Native Americans in the United States inhabited North Dakota for thousands of years. The first European to reach the area was the French-Canadian trader La Vérendrye, who led an exploration party to Mandan villages in 1738. The trading arrangement between tribes was such that North Dakota tribes rarely dealt directly with Europeans. However, the native tribes were in sufficient contact that by the time that
Lewis and Clark Expedition entered North Dakota in
1804, they were aware of the French and then Spanish claims to their territory.
Much of present-day North Dakota was included in the Louisiana Purchase of 1803. Much of acquired land was organized into Minnesota Territory and
Nebraska Territory Territories.
Dakota Territory, making up present-day North and South Dakota, along with parts of present-day
Wyoming and
Montana, was organized territory on March 2,
1861. Dakota Territory was settled sparsely until the late 1800s, when the railroads entered the region and aggressively marketed the land. A
bill (proposed law) for
U.S. state for North Dakota, South Dakota, Montana, and
Washington titled the Enabling Act of 1889 was passed on February 22, 1889 during the administration of Grover Cleveland. After Cleveland left office, it was left to his successor, Benjamin Harrison, to sign proclamations formally admitting North and South Dakota to the Union on
November 2, 1889. The rivalry between the two new states presented a dilemma of which was to be admitted first. Harrison directed United States Secretary of State James G. Blaine to shuffle the papers and obscure from him which he was signing first and the actual order went unrecorded. However, since
North Dakota alphabetically appears before
South Dakota, its proclamation was published first in the Statutes At Large. Since that day, it has become common to list the Dakotas alphabetically and thus North Dakota is usually listed as the 39th state. However, no one will actually know which of the Dakotas was admitted first.
The corruption in the early territorial and state governments led to a wave of populism led by the
Non Partisan League brought social reforms in the early 20th century. The original North Dakota State Capitol burned to the ground on December 28, 1930, and was replaced by a limestone faced art deco skyscraper that still stands today.
A round of federal construction projects began in the 1950s including the Garrison Dam, and the Minot Air Force Base and
Grand Forks Air Force Base United States Air Force bases. There was a boom in oil exploration in western North Dakota in the
1980s, as rising petroleum prices made development profitable.
Demographics
Population
From fewer than 3,000 people in 1870, North Dakota's population grew to near 680,000 by 1930. Growth then slowed, and the population has fluctuated slightly over the next seven decades, hitting a low of 619,636 in the 1950 census, with a total of 642,200 in the 2000 census. As of July 1,
2006, the state's population was estimated at 635,867 by the U.S. Census Bureau. The and age and gender distributions approximate the national average. Besides Native Americans, North Dakota's minority groups still form a significantly smaller proportion of the population than in the nation as a whole. The
center of population of North Dakota is located in
Wells County, North Dakota, near
Sykeston, North Dakota.{{USCensusPop|1870 = 2405|1880 = 36909|1890 = 190983|1900 = 319146|1910 = 577056|1920 = 646872|1930 = 680845|1940 = 641935|1950 = 619636|1960 = 632446|1970 = 617761|1980 = 652717|1990 = 638800|2000 = 642200|Source = -->
Emigration
Since the 1990s, North Dakota has experienced virtually constant decline in population, particularly among younger people with university degrees. One of the major causes of outmigration in North Dakota looms from a lack of skilled jobs for graduates. Some propose the expansion of economic development programs to create skilled and high-tech jobs; however, the effectiveness of such programs has been open to debate.
As the issue is common to several High Plains (United States) states, federal politcians including Senator
Byron Dorgan, have proposed The New Homestead Act of 2007 to encourage living in areas losing population through incentives such as tax breaks.
Race and ancestry
Most North Dakotans are of
Northern European descent. The five largest ancestry groups in North Dakota are: German American (43.9%), Norwegian American (30.1%), Irish American (7.7%),
Native Americans in the United States (5%),
Swedish American (5%).
2.47% of the population aged 5 and over speak German language at home, while 1.37% speak
Spanish language, according to the 2000 U.S. Census.
The state's racial composition in 2005 was:
- 92.3% White people (non-Hispanic);
- 5.3% Native Americans in the United States/Alaskan Natives;
- 1.6% Hispanic, a category that includes people of many races;
- 0.1% Asian people/Pacific Islander;
- 0.1% Black people (non-Hispanic);
- 0.1% Multiracial.
Religion
North Dakota has the lowest percentage of non-religious people of any state, and it also has the most churches per capita of any state.
A 2001 survey indicated that 35% of North Dakota's population was
Lutheranism, and 30% was Roman Catholicism in the United States. Other religious groups represented were
Methodists (7%),
Baptists (6%), the Assembly of God (3%), and Jehovah's Witness (1%). Christians with unstated or other denominational affiliations, including other Mainline Protestant, totaled 3%, bringing the total Christian population to 86%. Non-Christian religions, such as
Judaism, Islam, Buddhism, and Hinduism, together represented 4% of the population. Three percent of respondents answered "no religion" on the survey, and 6% refused to answer.
Culture
Fine and performing arts
North Dakota's major fine art museums and venues include the
Chester Fritz Auditorium, Empire Arts Center, the
Fargo Theatre,
North Dakota Museum of Art, and the Plains Art Museum. The Bismarck-Mandan Symphony Orchestra,
Fargo-Moorhead Symphony Orchestra,
Greater Grand Forks Symphony Orchestra and Minot Symphony Orchestra are full-time professional
musical ensembles that perform concerts and offer educational programs to the community.
Entertainment
North Dakotan musicians of many genres include
blues guitarist Jonny Lang,
country music singer Lynn Anderson,
jazz and traditional pop singer and songwriter Peggy Lee,
big band leader
Lawrence Welk, and
pop singer Bobby Vee.
Ed Schultz is known around the country as the host of
progressive talk radio radio show
The Ed Schultz Show, and
Shadoe Stevens hosted
American Top 40 from
1988 to
1995. Josh Duhamel is an
Emmy Awards-winning actor known for his roles in
All My Children and
Las Vegas (TV series). Nicole Linkletter and CariDee English were winning contestants of America's Next Top Model, Cycle 5 and
America's Next Top Model, Cycle 7, respectively, of
America's Next Top Model.
Popular culture
North Dakota cuisine includes
Knoephla soup: a thick, stew-like chicken soup with dumplings,
lutefisk: lye-treated fish,
Kuchen: a pie-like pastry, lefse: a flat bread made from mashed potatoes that is eaten with butter and sugar,
Fleischkuekle, a deep fried entree of ground beef covered in dough, deep fried, and served with chips and a pickle in most restaurants; strudel: a dough-and-filling item that can either be made as a pastry, or a savory dish with onions or meat; and other traditional German and Norwegian dishes. North Dakota also shares concepts such as hot dishes along with other Midwestern states.
Along with having the most churches
per capita of any state, North Dakota has the highest percentage of church-going population of any state.
Native Americans in the United States traditions are practiced by the Native American population of North Dakota, especially on
Indian reservations. Pow-wows and traditional Native American dancing are found across the state.
Outdoor activities such as hunting and
fishing are hobbies for many North Dakotans.
Ice fishing and
snowmobiling are also popular during the winter months. Residents of North Dakota may own or visit a cabin (housing) along a lake. Popular sport fish include
walleye, perch, and northern pike.
Economy
|thumb|leftAgriculture is the largest industry in North Dakota, although
petroleum and food processing are also major industries. The economy of North Dakota had a
gross domestic product of $24 billion in 2005. The per capita income in 2006 was $33,034, ranked 29th in the nation.{{cite web | title = Regional Economic Accounts | publisher = U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis
| url = http://www.bea.gov/bea/regional/bearfacts/stateaction.cfm?fips=27000&yearin=2006
| accessdate = 2007-10-04 --> The three-year [median household income from 2002-2004 was $39,594, ranking 37 in the U.S..{{cite web bank, the [Bank of North Dakota in [Bismarck, North Dakota, and a state owned [flour mill, the [North Dakota Mill and Elevator in [Grand Forks, North Dakota.
Industry and commerce
s in
Traill County, North DakotaNorth Dakota's earliest industries were fur trading and agriculture. Although less than 10% of the population is employed in the agricultural sector, it remains a major part of the state's economy, ranking 24th in the nation in the value of products sold. The state is the U.S.'s largest producer of
barley,
sunflower seeds,
wheat, and
durum for processing, and farm-raised turkeys.
State owned facilities
The
North Dakota Mill and Elevator and
Bank of North Dakota are the only
public ownership facilities of their type in the nation.
Energy
Coal mines generate 93% of the North Dakota electricity. Oil was discovered near
Tioga, North Dakota in
1951, generating 53 million barrels of oil a year by 1984. Western North Dakota is currently in an oil boom, and the oil reserves may hold up to 400 billion barrels of oil, 25 times larger than the reserves in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge.
State taxes
North Dakota has a slightly progressive tax structure; the five brackets of state
income tax rates are 2.1%, 3.92% 4.34%, 5.04%, and 5.54% as of 2004. North Dakota is ranked as the 21st highest in the nation for per capita total state taxes. The sales tax in North Dakota is 5% for most items. The state allows municipalities to institute local sales taxes and special local taxes, such as the 1.75% supplemental sales tax in Grand Forks. Excise are levied on the purchase price or market value of aircraft registered in North Dakota. The state imposes a
use tax on items purchased elsewhere but used within North Dakota. Owners of real property in Minnesota pay property tax to their county, municipality, school district, and special taxing districts.
Transportation
Transportation in North Dakota is overseen by the North Dakota Department of Transportation. The major
Interstate Highway System are Interstate 29 and
Interstate 94, with I-29 and I-94 meeting at
Fargo, North Dakota, and I-29 going north-south along the eastern edge of the state. The largest rail systems in the state are operated by BNSF and the
Canadian Pacific Railway. Many branch lines formerly used by BNSF and Canadian Pacific Railway are now operated by the Dakota, Missouri Valley and Western Railroad and the
Red River Valley and Western Railroad.
North Dakota's principal airports are the
Hector International Airport (FAR) in Fargo, Grand Forks International Airport (GFK), and the
Minot International Airport (MOT).
Amtrak Empire Builder runs through North Dakota, making stops at
Fargo (Amtrak station), Grand Forks (Amtrak station),
Minot (Amtrak station), and four other stations. It is the descendant of the famous line of the same name run by the Great Northern Railway (U.S.), which was built by the tycoon
James J. Hill and ran from St. Paul, Minnesota to
Seattle, Washington. Intercity bus service is provided by Greyhound Bus Lines and
Jefferson Lines.
Public transit in North Dakota is currently limited to
bus systems in the larger cities.
Law and government
As with the federal government of the United States, power in North Dakota is divided into three branches: executive, legislative, and judicial.
Executive
, 10th Governor of North DakotaThe executive branch is headed by the Governor of North Dakota. The current governor is
John Hoeven, a North Dakota Republican Party whose first term began December 15, 2000, and who was re-elected in 2004. The current Lieutenant Governor of North Dakota of North Dakota is
Jack Dalrymple, who is also the President of the Senate. The offices of governor and lieutenant governor have four-year terms. The governor has a cabinet consisting of the leaders of various state government agencies, called commissioners. The other elected constitutional offices are North Dakota Secretary of State,
North Dakota Attorney General, and
North Dakota State Auditor.
Legislative
The North Dakota Legislative Assembly is a
bicameral body consisting of the
North Dakota Senate and the
North Dakota House of Representatives. The state has 47 districts. Each district has one senator and two representatives. Senators serve for four years and representatives for two years.
Judicial
North Dakota's court system has four levels levels. Municipal courts serve the cities, and most cases start in the district courts, which are courts of general jurisdiction. There are 42 district court judges in seven judicial districts. Appeals from the trial courts and challenges to certain governmental decisions are heard by the North Dakota
Court of Appeals, consisting of three-judge panels. The five-justice North Dakota Supreme Court hears all appeals from the district courts and the Court of Appeals.
Regional
There are three
Sioux, one Three Affiliated Tribes, and one Ojibwa Indian reservation in North Dakota. These communities are self-governing.
Federal
North Dakota's two United States senators are Democrats Kent Conrad and Byron Dorgan. The state has one at-large North Dakota's At-large congressional district represented by Democrat United States House of Representatives Earl Pomeroy.
Federal court cases are heard in the
United States District Court for the District of North Dakota, which holds court in Bismarck, North Dakota,
Fargo, North Dakota,
Grand Forks, North Dakota, and Minot, North Dakota. Appeals are heard by the
United States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit based in St. Louis, Missouri.
Politics
The major political parties in North Dakota are the
North Dakota Democratic-NPL Party and the
North Dakota Republican Party. North Dakota does have some List of political parties in North Dakota, but aside from Presidential nominations, none have fielded state office candidates for some time.
At the state level, the Governor of North Dakota has been held by the Republican Party since 1992, along with a majority of the state legislature and statewide officers. Dem-NPL showings were strong in the 2000 governor's race, and in the 2006 legislative elections, but the League has not had a major breakthrough since the administration of former state governor
George Sinner.
The Republican Party presidential candidate usually carries the state; in 2004, George W. Bush won with 62.9% of the vote. Of all the Democratic presidential candidates since 1892, only
Grover Cleveland, Woodrow Wilson,
Franklin Delano Roosevelt, and Lyndon Baines Johnson received Electoral College votes from North Dakota.
On the other hand, Dem-NPL candidates for North Dakota's federal Senate and Congressional seats have won every election since 1982, and the state's federal delegation has been entirely Democratic since 1986.
Cities and towns
in 2007
Bismarck, North Dakota, located in south-central North Dakota along the banks of the
Missouri River, has been North Dakota's List of capitals in the United States since 1883, first as capital of the
Dakota Territory, and then as state capital since 1889.
North Dakota's most populous city is
Fargo, North Dakota. The state has three cities with populations above thirty thousand (based on 2005 estimates). In descending order they are
Fargo, North Dakota,
Bismarck, North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota, and Minot, North Dakota. While North Dakota's population has seen a gradual decline, the urban centers have seen growth.
Education
North Dakota's leaders frequently state that the educational scene in the state is excellent. However, because of limited economic options, many skilled graduates leave the state.
Higher education
The state has 11 public colleges and universities, five tribal community colleges, and four private schools. The largest institutions are the University of North Dakota and North Dakota State University.
The higher education system consists of the following institutions:
North Dakota University System (Public schools):
*
Bismarck State College in Bismarck, North Dakota
*
Dickinson State University in Dickinson, North Dakota
*
Lake Region State College in Devils Lake, North Dakota
*Mayville State University in
Mayville, North Dakota
*Minot State University in Minot, North Dakota
*Minot State University-Bottineau in
Bottineau, North Dakota
*
North Dakota State University in Fargo, North Dakota
*North Dakota State College of Science in
Wahpeton, North Dakota
*University of North Dakota in Grand Forks, North Dakota
*Valley City State University in Valley City, North Dakota
*Williston State College in
Williston, North Dakota
Tribal colleges:
*Cankdeska Cikana Community College in
Fort Totten, North Dakota
*
Fort Berthold Community College in New Town, North Dakota
*
Sitting Bull College in
Fort Yates, North Dakota
*Turtle Mountain Community College in Belcourt, North Dakota
*United Tribes Technical College in Bismarck, North Dakota
Private schools:
*Aakers College in Fargo, North Dakota and Bismarck, North Dakota
*Jamestown College in
Jamestown, North Dakota
*
University of Mary in Bismarck, North Dakota
*
Trinity Bible College in
Ellendale, North Dakota
State symbols
List of U.S. state birds:
Western Meadowlark,
Sturnella neglecta
State fish:
Northern pike,
Esox lucius
State horse: Nokota horse
State flower: Wild Prairie Rose,
Rosa arkansana
State tree: American Elm,
Ulmus americana
State fossil: Teredo Petrified wood
State grass: Western Wheatgrass,
Pascopyrum smithii (Rydb.) A. Löve
State nicknames: Roughrider State, Flickertail State, Peace Garden State
State mottos:
:(
Great Seal of North Dakota) Liberty and Union, Now and Forever, One and Inseparable
:(
Coat of Arms of North Dakota) Strength from the Soil
State song: North Dakota Hymn
State dance:
Square Dance
State fruit: Chokecherry
State march:
Flickertail March
State beverage: Milk
State art museum:
North Dakota Museum of Art
State license plate: see the different types over time
"The Flickertail State" is one of North Dakota's nicknames and is derived from
Richardson's Ground Squirrel (
Spermophilus richardsonii), a very common animal in the region. The ground squirrel constantly flicks its tail in a distinctive manner. In 1953, legislation to make the ground squirrel the state emblem was voted down in the state legislature.S. D. Senate Bill No. 134.
Media
North Dakota's media markets are
Fargo, North Dakota-Grand Forks, North Dakota, (119th largest nationally), making up the eastern half of the state, and
Minot, North Dakota-Bismarck, North Dakota (158th), making up the western half of the state. Prairie Public Television (PPTV) is a statewide public television network affiliated with Public Broadcasting Service.
Terrestrial television in North Dakota started on April 3, 1953, when KCJB-TV (now KXMB-TV) in Minot began broadcasting. There are currently List of television stations in Minnesota (by channel number) broadcast stations and 18
Digital television channels broadcast over North Dakota.
The state's largest newspaper is
The Forum of Fargo-Moorhead. Other weekly and monthly publications (most of which are fully supported by
advertising) are also available. The most prominent of these is the
alternative weekly High Plains Reader, which covers Fargo and Grand Forks.
Prairie Public is a statewide radio network affiliated with
National Public Radio. The state's oldest radio station,
WDAY (AM), was launched on
May 23, 1922. The Forum Communications owned station is still on the air, and currently broadcasts a talk radio format.
Attractions
Major events
Museums
Arenas
Golf courses
- Apple Creek Country Club - Bismarck
- Apple Grove Golf Course - Minot
- Bois de Sioux Golf Course - Wahpeton
- Bully Pulpit Golf Course - Medora
- Devils Lake Country Club - Devils Lake
- Hawktree Golf Club - Bismarck
- King's Walk Golf Course - Grand Forks
- Links of North Dakota at Red Mike Resort - Williston
- Riverwood Golf Course - Bismarck
- Tom O'Leary Golf Course - Bismarck
Casinos
Various attractions
Notable North Dakotans
See also
References
External links
- State of North Dakota official website
- North Dakota tourism website
- USGS real-time, geographic, and other scientific resources of North Dakota
- U.S. Census Bureau facts of North Dakota
- North Dakota State Facts - United States Department of Agriculture
- Pictures of the Dakotas: Badlands and Theodore Roosevelt National Parks
- GhostsOfNorthDakota.com - a pictorial documentary of North Dakota "ghost towns"
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